Go2Linux

Linux tutorials, tips, and guides for desktop and server users.

md5sum and sha256sum — verify the integrity of files on Linux — October 11, 2026
How to use md5sum and sha256sum on Linux to check that a file arrived intact: create and verify checksum files, check a whole directory, verify a downloaded ISO, and when MD5 is not enough.
nice and renice — set or change the priority of a process on Linux — October 11, 2026
How to use nice and renice on Linux to start a command with a lower CPU priority or change the priority of a running process, what the niceness values mean, and ionice for disk priority.
tcpdump — capture and inspect network traffic on Linux — October 11, 2026
How to use tcpdump on Linux: pick an interface, write capture filters by host, port and protocol, save packets to a file for Wireshark, see VLAN tags and rotate long captures.
vmstat — monitor memory, swap and CPU on Linux — October 11, 2026
How to read vmstat output on Linux: what each column means, how to tell a memory shortage from a CPU or disk bottleneck, the steal column on a VPS, and the most useful options.
xclip — copy command output to the clipboard from the Linux shell — October 11, 2026
How to use xclip to copy the output of a Linux command to the clipboard and paste it back in the shell, the difference between the primary selection and the clipboard, and wl-copy and wl-paste on Wayland.
alias — create shortcuts for your Linux commands — October 5, 2026
How to create, list and remove command aliases in Bash, make them permanent in ~/.bashrc or ~/.bash_aliases, bypass them, use them with sudo, and when to write a function instead.
watch — run a Linux command repeatedly at a regular interval — October 5, 2026
How to use watch to repeat a Linux command every few seconds, highlight what changed, quote pipelines correctly, exit when the output changes, and the while-loop alternative.
dmesg — read kernel and boot messages on Linux — October 5, 2026
How to use dmesg to read the Linux kernel ring buffer: readable timestamps, filtering by level and facility, following new messages live, the Operation not permitted error, and journalctl -k.
nohup — keep a command running after you log out — October 5, 2026
How to use nohup to keep a Linux command running after closing the terminal or an SSH session, where the output goes, and when to use disown, tmux or systemd-run instead.
sshfs — mount a remote filesystem over SSH — October 5, 2026
How to install sshfs on Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora and Arch, mount a remote directory over SSH, unmount it, reconnect automatically, mount it from /etc/fstab, and use rclone mount as an alternative.
GRUB2 — how to change the boot menu timeout on Linux — June 25, 2026
How to change the GRUB2 boot menu timeout in /etc/default/grub and apply the change with update-grub on Debian, Ubuntu, and other Linux systems.
SSH troubleshooting — fix common connection problems on Linux — June 25, 2026
How to diagnose and fix the most common SSH connection failures on Linux: refused connections, key errors, permission problems, and firewall blocks.
Backup files over SSH with rsync — a practical guide — June 17, 2026
How to back up files between servers using rsync and SSH, with key-based authentication and automatic scheduling via cron
chgrp — change the group of a file on Linux — June 14, 2026
How to use the chgrp command on Linux to change the group ownership of files and directories, with practical examples and a comparison with chown
basename — strip directory and suffix from file names — June 14, 2026
How to use the basename command on Linux to extract file names from paths and strip extensions, with practical shell scripting examples
Bash history expansion — reuse commands without retyping — June 14, 2026
How to reuse commands from Bash history using !N, !!, !string, Ctrl+R, and other history expansion shortcuts on Linux
xrandr — change screen resolution from the Linux command line — June 14, 2026
How to use xrandr on Linux to change screen resolution, refresh rate, orientation, and manage multiple monitors from the terminal
Bash tab completion — make it case insensitive — June 14, 2026
How to configure Bash tab completion to ignore case on Linux using ~/.inputrc or /etc/inputrc, with other useful readline settings
How to add a user to a group in Linux — June 8, 2026
How to add a user to a group in Linux using usermod, useradd, and gpasswd — with examples for existing users, new users, primary groups, and multiple groups at once
chown — change file owner and group on Linux — June 8, 2026
How to use the chown command on Linux to change the owner and group of files and directories, with practical examples
Bash for loop — a practical guide — June 8, 2026
Learn how to use the bash for loop in scripts and the command line, with practical examples including counters, ranges, break and continue
How to change the default text editor on Debian and Ubuntu — June 8, 2026
How to change the default text editor on Debian and Ubuntu using update-alternatives, select-editor, and the EDITOR environment variable
checkinstall — create a .deb or .rpm package from source code — June 8, 2026
How to use checkinstall to compile software from source and install it as a proper .deb or .rpm package, making it easy to track and remove later
apt-get and aptitude — package management and orphan cleanup on Debian and Ubuntu — June 8, 2026
Understand the difference between apt-get and aptitude on Debian and Ubuntu, and how autoremove keeps your system clean from orphan packages
How to change the hostname on Linux — June 8, 2026
How to change the hostname on Linux permanently using hostnamectl on systemd systems, and also the traditional method for older systems
bc — GNU Linux command line calculator — June 8, 2026
How to use bc, the GNU Linux command line calculator, for basic and advanced arithmetic directly from the terminal or inside shell scripts
chage — manage password expiry and aging on Linux — June 8, 2026
How to use the chage command on Linux to set password expiration policies, force password changes, and manage account expiry for users
at — schedule one-time tasks from the Linux command line — June 8, 2026
How to use the at command on Linux to schedule commands and scripts to run once at a given time, with practical examples
GoAccess — real-time web log analyzer for Apache, Nginx, and Caddy — June 8, 2026
How to install and use GoAccess to analyze web server access logs in real time, both as an interactive terminal dashboard and as a self-contained HTML report
diff — Linux command to compare files — May 29, 2026
How to use the diff command in Linux to compare files and directories, with examples for unified output, patches, and recursive directory comparison.
du — Linux command line to display disk usage per file and directory — May 28, 2026
How to use the du command on Linux to find which files and directories are using the most disk space
df — Linux command line tool to display disk space usage — May 28, 2026
How to use the df command on Linux to check disk space usage, free space, filesystem types, and inode usage
iotop — monitor disk I/O in real time on Linux — May 27, 2026
How to use iotop to monitor disk read and write activity per process in real time on Linux
tail — Linux command line to display the end of a file — May 27, 2026
How to use the tail command on Linux, including the -f option to follow log files in real time
history — the Linux command to manage your command line history — May 27, 2026
How to use the history command on Linux: search, re-run, configure and get the most out of your shell history
grep — Linux command line, search for patterns in files — May 27, 2026
How to use the grep command on Linux to search for strings and patterns in files, with practical examples
htop — an improved top for Linux — May 27, 2026
How to use htop to monitor processes, CPU, and memory on Linux — a friendlier and more powerful alternative to top
Varnishlog filter the records for debugging — July 25, 2011
Varnishlog filter the records for debugging
Remove spaces from file names with Linux — July 25, 2011
Remove spaces from file names with Linux
Use varnish to avoid hot linking or image leeching — July 24, 2011
Use varnish to avoid hot linking or image leeching
Secure Apache and PHP, hide version numbers — July 21, 2011
How to secure your Apache installations by hiding version numbers of Apache and PHP
Wordpress dashboard problem with Ajax, CSS and Javascript — July 9, 2011
Dashboard Ajax / CSS / Java not working. Something not working on the Wordpress dashboard, here how to solve it
Farewell to Microsoft — June 28, 2011
My own experience about how I managed to get rid of Microsoft Windows. I do not need it anymore for any task
Varnish and virtual Hosts configuration (Apache and Nginx) — June 27, 2011
Configure Varnish with Apache and Nginx virtualhost
Instantiation failed for module 'eap' — June 25, 2011
How to solve Freeradius errors Instantiation failed for module 'eap' and Failed to load module 'eap' in file /etc/raddb/eap.conf
Install fail2ban to protect your site from DOS attacks — May 29, 2011
How to protect your web server from DOS attacks with fail2ban
Restart sshd linux (service, daemon) — May 15, 2011
How to restart the sshd daemon in Linux
Restart sshd daemon on Linux — May 15, 2011
How to restart the ssh service, sshd daemon on Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS, Arch, Slackware
Configure varnish logs (varnishnsca), logrotate and awstats — May 1, 2011
How to install and configure awstats to work with Varnish logs from varnishnsca and Logrotate on Ubuntu Linux
Nginx+Varnish compared to Nginx — April 22, 2011
Comparing how is the performance of Nginx+Varnish vs Nginx alone
Save Battery on Android with Tasker — March 25, 2011
How to use tasker to save your Android's battery
How to format a usb drive with FAT32 file system on Linux — March 11, 2011
Learn how to format your usb drive using with FAT32 file system, using Linux tools.
My top five ssh tips and tricks a small cheatsheet — February 28, 2011
My favorite ssh tips together here, also some scp common tricks
How to copy files and sync files between Linux or Mac computers with rsync — February 20, 2011
How to use rsync to backup or copy files between Linux or Mac computers
How to share files with Windows using samba and no password — February 16, 2011
How to install and configure Samba server on Linux to share files with Windows without the need to enter a password
How to use find with boolean operators AND, OR, NOT — February 14, 2011
Using boolean operators (AND, OR and NOT) with nix (Linux) find command
Vim search and replace tips — February 12, 2011
How to search and replace with vim
Linux and BSD security. Limit time of idle ssh sessions — February 7, 2011
Limit idle ssh sessions time, avoid unattended ones, ClientAliveInterval & ClientAliveCountMax
SysCTL command for Linux — February 1, 2011
Introduction to Sysctl command on Linux and how to use it
Look for a string, word, or sentence in a file with Linux grep command, recursively — January 25, 2011
How to find a word, sentence or any string with Linux grep command and do it recursively
How to enable IP forwarding in Linux — January 23, 2011
How to enable ip forwarding for Linux using different ways, temporary and permanent
Classifying Linux Distributions — January 22, 2011
Classifying different Linux Distributions based on applications
How to upgrade Debian Lenny to Squeeze (5.0 to 6.0) — January 21, 2011
Step by step Debian upgrade tutorial. This tutorial needs access to the console, and it is great to upgrade servers. This is meant for the upgrade of Lenny to Squeeze, but may work with other releases as well
VBoxManage control and manage Virtualbox from command line — January 17, 2011
Control VirtualBox virtual machines from the command line terminal
How to kill a not responding application on Linux — January 7, 2011
If you have an application that is not responding on Linux, you need to terminate it, here is how to do that
Get Slack — December 30, 2010
Small review of Slackware Linux, the oldest still active distribution
How to setup a DNS server master - slave with BIND — December 29, 2010
How to install and configure a DNS server master, slave with BIND
Four years with Debian — December 22, 2010
Review of Debian Linux, after four years of use and testing it
Number of proccesses per user on Linux — December 20, 2010
How to know How many processes each user is running in Linux
Replicate file permissions — December 20, 2010
How to copy or replicate file permissions from one file to another in Linux shell
How to install Linux Kernel headers on Debian or Ubuntu — December 8, 2010
How to install kernel headers to Ubuntu or Debian Linux, and keep them up to date
How to find which process is eating RAM in Linux — December 7, 2010
Check which process is using your RAM in Linux, list all processes by RAM usage
Nginx | Create custom 404 page not found error page — December 6, 2010
How to create custom 404 not found error page with Nginx
How to block, lock, or deny access to a user into Linux — December 6, 2010
How to deny the access to a user into Linux. When you need to temporary lock or block a user
cmatrix, The Matrix screen on a Linux terminal — December 3, 2010
Make your Linux terminal console looks like The Matrix from the movie.
How to find open ports in Servers in your Network with Linux — December 3, 2010
How to find which ports are opened in your Network with Linux and nmap
Interview with Debian Developer Raphaël Hertzog: is Ubuntu beneficial for Debian? — December 3, 2010
Interviewing Raphael Hertzog. A Debian developer and active Linux community member
How to erase, blanck or wipe your disk, or usb memory stick — December 2, 2010
How to completely and securely wipe a USB key memory to protect your privacy
Break and Continue in Bash For Loop — November 20, 2010
How to break a bash for loop, and how to continue the loop
Run commands on remote server via ssh — November 10, 2010
How to run commands on remote servers using a temporary ssh connection, the ssh connection closes when the command is finished
Slackware review — November 3, 2010
In depth review of Slackware Linux
Too Many Linux Distributions — October 31, 2010
Analisys, are there too many Linux Distributions?
mkfs.vfat and mkfs.ntfs Arch Linux — October 23, 2010
How to format a FAT32 file system with Arch Linux
Install Development Tools in Linux (GNU GCC Compiler and others) — October 15, 2010
How to install GNU GCC and other development tools in Debian, Fedora or Arch Linux
How to send mail from command line with Gmail and Mutt — October 12, 2010
How to send email from command line in Linux with Mutt using your Gmail account
Gwibber and Hotot review — October 12, 2010
Review of two Twitter Linux clientes, Gwibber and Hotot
Ubuntu 10.10 maverick meerkat best 10 reviews — October 10, 2010
Review of Ubuntu 10.10 Maverick Meerkat reviews
ssh public key only login - authentication — October 10, 2010
ssh public key only login - authentication
Do you agree with LibreOffice fork? — October 7, 2010
Talking about LibreOffice fork from OpenOffice
Convert html to pdf with Linux — October 7, 2010
How to donwload an html page and convert it to pdf for printing and distribution
New branch on Debian? — October 5, 2010
New Branch on Debian, exploring the possibility of a Rolling release
Movable Type vs Drupal with boost — October 4, 2010
Performance comparison of static site generated by Movable Type and Drupal with boost module
Two new Linux Distributions I have tested — October 4, 2010
A small review of two new GNU Linux distributions I have been testing. Linux Mint Debian Edition and Crunchbang
Arch Linux Review (2010) — October 3, 2010
Review of the most famous rolling release Linux distribution, Arch Linux
Movable Type — October 2, 2010
Talking about Movable Type in 2010
Quo vadis Linux? — October 1, 2010
Where is Linux going? Analysis of Linux future
client denied by server configuration Apache error — September 30, 2010
How to fix Apache client denied by server configuration error
First post on MovableType platform — September 30, 2010
First post with MovableType platform, starting and testing a new and old bloging platform
Share files using python or php Web Server — September 14, 2010
How to use python or php server to share files in a network easily
UUID on Linux fstab file — September 2, 2010
UUID on Linux fstab file
Secure ssh access with now password — April 25, 2010
How to securely log into a unix like server (like Linux or BSD) without the need of a password using ssh using rsa key
Nginx with gzip static (gzip_static) support on Ubuntu — April 17, 2010
How to install Nginx with gzip static support on Ubuntu
How to benchmark, Stress, your Apache, Nginx or IIS server — April 10, 2010
How to perform stress tests on Web servers. Works for Apache, Nginx, Cherokee, IIS or any other
Add a second ip to Ubuntu Linux — April 6, 2010
How to add a secondary IP to Ubuntu Linux editing file /etc/network/interfaces
ls -l explained — March 31, 2010
What is the meaning of the output in the Linux command ls -l
Nginx with gzip static (gzip_static) support on Arch Linux ABS — March 29, 2010
How to install Nginx with gzip static support on Arch Linux, using ABS
Increase MySQL performance with query cache query_cache — March 29, 2010
How to increase the performance of MySQL using query cache
Linux, How to clear a printer queue — February 2, 2010
How to clear the printer queue in Linux
How to install nslookup on Arch Linux — January 4, 2010
How to install the nslookup tool on Arch Linux
How to use Arch Linux pacman through a proxy — May 7, 2009
How to configure Arch Linux to pass through a proxy while upgrading or installing with pacman
last - See any user login history — April 25, 2009
How to see las login logs in Linux and other Nix operating systems with last command
Arch Linux Review (2009) — March 21, 2009
Arch Linux review, My favorite GNU Linux Distribution
How to find the fastest ArchLinux mirrors — March 16, 2009
How to configure ArchLinux to use the fastest mirrors for Pacman
How to update and upgrade Arch Linux — March 13, 2009
How to upgrade your Arch Linux installation to keep it up to date
adduser vs useradd: Ubuntu, Debian, Gentoo, Fedora, CentOS — January 15, 2009
Difference between adduser and useradd when you are working on Ubuntu or Debian, and CentOS or Fedora and Gentoo
Define a static IP on Linux, and assign a Default Gateway — January 3, 2009
How to set a static IP on Nix sytems like Linux and also assign a default Gateway to the box
ps - How to check the running processes on Linux — December 30, 2008
Using ps command to show running processes under bash for Linux or Mac OS X
CTRL Z, stop and restart Linux jobs — December 20, 2008
Take control of Linux jobs, stop and resume them any time using CTRL Z
Broadcast to all users on Linux — November 15, 2008
How to use wall command to broadcast a message to all users in a Linux box
Kill any users processes and logout the user — November 15, 2008
How to kill user's processes
whowatch - Monitor who is doing what on your Linux — September 12, 2008
Whowatch let you know what all other users in a Linux powered system. Is a console application
How to find which service is listening on a given port — May 19, 2008
Find which services or programs are listening on different ports
Resume downloads, limit speed and more with wget — May 15, 2008
How to limit speed, resume downloads, run in background, and more tricks of wget
vnstat - Command Line Tool to check how much bandwidth you use — May 13, 2008
vnstat, a tool that helps you monitor the Internet traffic you use on your Linux
Cut or trim mp3 files with Linux, mpgsplit and mp3cut — May 12, 2008
Cut or trim mp3 files using the command line in Linux
How to install the startx command — April 28, 2008
How to install the startx command in Linux
cpufreqd, How to configure you cpu speed — April 13, 2008
How to control de CPU speed of your computer with Linux
nmap - how to scan hosts of networks for open ports — January 2, 2008
Using nmap to scan ports on Linux or Mac OS X, and some graphical front ends of it for Linux
Check your Laptop Battery status from the command line — December 30, 2007
How to check the status and state of your laptop battery on Ubuntu Linux from the console terminal
Rename Multiple Files with Linux — December 30, 2007
How to rename lots of files in Linux at once from the command line
What is my public IP | Linux — December 29, 2007
Different ways to find your public IP with Linux. Using the console command line
sed — stream editor for Linux — December 16, 2007
How to use sed to substitute, delete, and transform text in files and pipelines on Linux
Debian - Origin of the names - — December 14, 2007
List of the origin of Debian releases' names
How to create mp3 ringtones with Linux — November 28, 2007
How to cut mp3 songs to create ringtones with Linux to use on your smartphone
Ten useful uses of command find — November 14, 2007
Ten useful examples of the find command. You can use on bash on Linux, Mac or BSD
configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables — November 11, 2007
How to solve 'configure: error: no acceptable C compiler found in $PATH' problem in Debian Linux
How to transfer files via bluetooth on Linux — November 8, 2007
How to transfer files between smartphones and Linux using bluetooth
wget - Downloading from the command line — October 30, 2007
Most used wget commands, for recursive download, following external links, limit rate
Boost your Internet browsing - Install Polipo — October 27, 2007
How to boost your internet browsing by installing a personal proxy
Get a faster browsing experience using a local caching DNS — October 25, 2007
How to improve the user experience, and improve Internet browsing speed
Clean up your grub menu from the kernels you do not use — October 11, 2007
How to get rid of unused kernel images in Ubuntu, and clean up your grub menu
fail2ban - Free of dictionary attacks — October 10, 2007
Put brute force attackers away of your server with fail2ban
Sabayon Linux — October 8, 2007
Review of Sabayon Linux
mv — move and rename files on Linux — August 30, 2007
How to use mv to move and rename files and directories on Linux, with examples for interactive mode, backups, and batch renaming
Set the time and date in Linux systems — August 18, 2007
How to set time and date in Linux from console and from Desktop
less — Linux command line pager — August 4, 2007
How to use less to read files and command output one page at a time, with search, navigation, and practical tips
top — monitor running processes on Linux — June 25, 2007
How to use top to see CPU, memory usage, and running processes in real time on Linux, with interactive commands and options
apt: "The following packages have been kept back" — June 16, 2007
Why apt upgrade holds back packages and how to fix it safely with apt full-upgrade or apt-get dist-upgrade on Debian and Ubuntu
tee — split command output to stdout and a file — May 22, 2007
How to use tee to send command output to the screen and to a file at the same time, including the sudo tee pattern for writing to root-owned files
ln — create hard and symbolic links on Linux — May 16, 2007
How to use ln to create hard links and symbolic links on Linux, with practical examples for files and directories
Show the beginning of file, with bash on Linux or Mac — May 4, 2007
How to show only the first lines or the beginning of a file under Linux or Mac using bash and the head command
find command on Linux — May 4, 2007
How to use find command on Linux to well, to find files in the disk
Counting lines, words, characters in text files with Linux with wc — April 14, 2007
How to know the number of lines, words or chars in a text file on Linux
Which Distro to choose? - Comparison -(Not a Debian vs Ubuntu vs Fedora vs Centos) — April 14, 2007
Comparing Unbutu, Debian, CentOS and Fedora based on number of packages, easy of upgrade and more
Configure Sendmail and Exim to Send Email with Smarthost — March 9, 2007
How to configure Sendmail and Exim to sendmail through a SmartHost for Linux Debian or Ubuntu
VMware Server on Etch (Debian 4) — February 27, 2007
How to install VMWare server on Debian 4.0 Etch. Step by step explanation
Protect your server with DenyHosts — January 29, 2007
How to protect your server from attackers with DenyHosts
Firewall with Linux script — January 29, 2007
Bash script to set a Linux firewall
Root Password Recovery for Fedora — January 29, 2007
Easy steps to recover the root password of a Fedora password installation